💿 Build a bootable image

A CryptOS node boots from one file: a Unified Kernel Image (UKI). The UKI holds the kernel, a tiny start-up program, and the read-only system image, all in one signed file. To install a node you usually wrap that UKI in an ISO and boot the machine or virtual machine from it.

This page shows how to build the ISO from the cryptos-appliance source code, which pins the cryptos-node engine at a version and builds init, cryptosctl and the console from it by import path.

The CA runs only on the image you build here, in a VMware virtual machine (physical servers aren't supported in v0.1.0-rc.1), never on Kubernetes: a CA there can't be TPM-sealed and would be a single point of failure. FleetOS Manager, the optional multi-node console, runs separately, on Kubernetes or standalone (a VM); see the FleetOS Manager overview.

Two choices to make first

Two settings shape the image. Both are chosen when you build, not later.

Setting	Values	What it decides
PLATFORM	vmware	Which extra hardware drivers go into the kernel. vmware adds the NVMe, AHCI and PVSCSI disk drivers and the e1000e and vmxnet3 network drivers.
STATEKEY	tpm (default) or nodeid	How the node protects its encrypted disk and its CA key.

STATEKEY=tpm or STATEKEY=nodeid

• 🔐 tpm is the real thing. The key that unlocks the node's encrypted state disk is sealed to the TPM security chip, and the CA key is created inside the TPM and can never be exported. The machine needs a TPM 2.0 (a vTPM on a virtual machine) that supports ECDSA P-384, or the node refuses to boot.
• 🧪 nodeid is for hosts that cannot give the guest a vTPM, such as a standalone ESXi host. It uses no TPM at all. The disk key is derived from the machine's SMBIOS product UUID, and the CA key is made in software and stored on the encrypted disk. cryptosctl status shows TPM: UNAVAILABLE on these nodes so the weaker setup is never hidden.

nodeid is for testing only

A machine UUID is not a secret. Anyone who has both a copy of the disk and the UUID can recover the CA key. Use nodeid to try CryptOS where no vTPM is available, never for a CA that guards real trust.

What you need

The image build runs on a Linux build host. You need:

• The cryptos-appliance source: git clone https://github.com/CryptOS-PKI/cryptos-appliance.
• Go, at the version in go.mod, and go-task (the task command).
• Docker. The static disk tools (cryptsetup, mkfs.ext4, sgdisk, mkfs.vfat) are built from source inside containers.
• The kernel and image tools. On Debian or Ubuntu:

sudo apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
  build-essential bc flex bison libelf-dev libssl-dev xz-utils \
  squashfs-tools sbsigntool systemd-ukify systemd-boot-efi cpio \
  python3-pefile xorriso mtools dosfstools

ukify needs the Python pefile module. If a version manager such as pyenv hides the system Python, install pefile into the Python that ukify actually runs (python3 -m pip install pefile).

Build a signed ISO (for real use)

A signed image is the only kind a node can later upgrade in place. You sign it with your own Secure Boot key; CryptOS ships no key of its own. Make the key first, as shown in Secure Boot enrollment, then build:

export SB_KEY="$HOME/cryptos-sb/sb.key"
export SB_CERT="$HOME/cryptos-sb/sb.crt"

task iso PLATFORM=vmware              # TPM-backed image
task iso PLATFORM=vmware STATEKEY=nodeid   # TPM-less test image

Keep both variables set for the whole run. SB_CERT is read twice: once to stamp the certificate into the image as its upgrade anchor (the key a later image must be signed with), and once to sign the finished UKI.

The files land in build/out/:

File	What it is
cryptos-amd64.uki	the signed UKI
cryptos-amd64.uki.sig	the detached signature a node checks before it accepts an upgrade
cryptos-amd64-vmware-<build>.iso	the bootable installer ISO (cryptos-amd64-vmware-nodeid-<build>.iso for STATEKEY=nodeid)

task image runs the same chain but stops at the signed UKI, without making an ISO.

Build an unsigned ISO (for evaluation)

To try CryptOS with Secure Boot turned off, you can skip the key:

An unsigned image has no upgrade anchor until you sign it

An unsigned image carries no upgrade anchor as built, even if SB_KEY and SB_CERT are set in your shell, so a node installed from it as-is can never be upgraded in place. Replacing its image means installing again, which destroys its CA key. For a node you plan to keep, build a signed ISO instead, or sign this unsigned image afterwards with cryptosctl image sign (see Download the unsigned image).

task iso:unsigned PLATFORM=vmware
task iso:unsigned PLATFORM=vmware STATEKEY=nodeid

This writes build/out/cryptos-amd64-vmware-unsigned-<build>.iso (or cryptos-amd64-vmware-nodeid-unsigned-<build>.iso).

Download the unsigned image

Every image you run is signed by you. The project never signs one: nothing it publishes is ready to boot with Secure Boot on until you sign it yourself, or build and sign from source.

Each tagged cryptos-appliance release attaches an unsigned image built this way from that tag: the ISO for both STATEKEY variants, the UKI inside it (renamed with the build tag), cryptosctl for Linux and macOS on amd64 and arm64, a build-manifest.json build record and a SHA256SUMS file. Verify what you downloaded before using it -- either check it against the published sums, or rebuild from the same tag and compare:

sha256sum -c SHA256SUMS

The build is meant to be bit-for-bit reproducible, so rebuilding task iso:unsigned from the tagged source and diffing the hash is an equally valid check.

From there you have two paths:

• Sign it with your own key, with cryptosctl image sign:

  cryptosctl image sign \
    --image cryptos-amd64-vmware-unsigned-<build>.iso \
    --key sb.key --cert sb.crt

  With no --out, this writes three files next to the input:

  File	What it is
  cryptos-amd64-vmware-<build>.iso	the signed, installable ISO (the input name without -unsigned)
  cryptos-amd64-vmware-<build>.uki	the signed UKI beside it
  cryptos-amd64-vmware-<build>.uki.sig	that UKI's detached signature

  Keep the .uki and .sig: that pair is what cryptosctl image stage sends, so any later image you sign with the same key upgrades a node installed from this one. It needs no root, no xorriso and no rebuild, and the same command signs a standalone unsigned UKI, with .unsigned dropped from the output name instead. See Signing an image with your own key in the cryptos-node repository for the full command reference.

• Build from source instead (above), with SB_KEY and SB_CERT set, for the same result without downloading a release asset. See Secure Boot.

Either way, see Check the source you built.

A v0.1.0-rc.1 node has no upgrade anchor and can't move forward in place

The first v0.1.0-rc.1 release assets (now withdrawn) were published before cryptosctl image sign existed, so a node installed from one of them carries no upgrade anchor at all -- signing or building a later image changes nothing for a node already running that asset. Moving it to a newer release means reinstalling, which wipes its state, including the CA key. CryptOS is pre-1.0 and makes no compatibility promise across releases. A node installed from a build-from-source image with your own key stamped in, or from an asset you ran through cryptosctl image sign, keeps its anchor and upgrades in place normally.

Next step

Boot the ISO on the target machine: Boot and maintenance mode.